file.inc

<?php

/**
 * @file
 * API for handling file uploads and server file management.
 */

/**
 * Manually include stream wrapper code.
 *
 * Stream wrapper code is included here because there are cases where
 * File API is needed before a bootstrap, or in an alternate order (e.g.
 * maintenance theme).
 */
require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/stream_wrappers.inc';

/**
 * @defgroup file File interface
 * @{
 * Common file handling functions.
 *
 * Fields on the file object:
 * - fid: File ID
 * - uid: The {users}.uid of the user who is associated with the file.
 * - filename: Name of the file with no path components. This may differ from
 *   the basename of the filepath if the file is renamed to avoid overwriting
 *   an existing file.
 * - uri: URI of the file.
 * - filemime: The file's MIME type.
 * - filesize: The size of the file in bytes.
 * - status: A bitmapped field indicating the status of the file. The first 8
 *   bits are reserved for Drupal core. The least significant bit indicates
 *   temporary (0) or permanent (1). Temporary files older than
 *   DRUPAL_MAXIMUM_TEMP_FILE_AGE will be removed during cron runs.
 * - timestamp: UNIX timestamp for the date the file was added to the database.
 */

/**
 * Flag used by file_prepare_directory() -- create directory if not present.
 */
define('FILE_CREATE_DIRECTORY', 1);

/**
 * Flag used by file_prepare_directory() -- file permissions may be changed.
 */
define('FILE_MODIFY_PERMISSIONS', 2);

/**
 * Flag for dealing with existing files: Appends number until name is unique.
 */
define('FILE_EXISTS_RENAME', 0);

/**
 * Flag for dealing with existing files: Replace the existing file.
 */
define('FILE_EXISTS_REPLACE', 1);

/**
 * Flag for dealing with existing files: Do nothing and return FALSE.
 */
define('FILE_EXISTS_ERROR', 2);

/**
 * Indicates that the file is permanent and should not be deleted.
 *
 * Temporary files older than DRUPAL_MAXIMUM_TEMP_FILE_AGE will be removed
 * during cron runs, but permanent files will not be removed during the file
 * garbage collection process.
 */
define('FILE_STATUS_PERMANENT', 1);

/**
 * Provides Drupal stream wrapper registry.
 *
 * A stream wrapper is an abstraction of a file system that allows Drupal to
 * use the same set of methods to access both local files and remote resources.
 *
 * Provide a facility for managing and querying user-defined stream wrappers
 * in PHP. PHP's internal stream_get_wrappers() doesn't return the class
 * registered to handle a stream, which we need to be able to find the handler
 * for class instantiation.
 *
 * If a module registers a scheme that is already registered with PHP, the
 * existing scheme will be unregistered and replaced with the specified class.
 *
 * A stream is referenced as "scheme://target".
 *
 * The optional $filter parameter can be used to retrieve only the stream
 * wrappers that are appropriate for particular usage. For example, this returns
 * only stream wrappers that use local file storage:
 * @code
 *   $local_stream_wrappers = file_get_stream_wrappers(STREAM_WRAPPERS_LOCAL);
 * @endcode
 *
 * The $filter parameter can only filter to types containing a particular flag.
 * In some cases, you may want to filter to types that do not contain a
 * particular flag. For example, you may want to retrieve all stream wrappers
 * that are not writable, or all stream wrappers that are not local. PHP's
 * array_diff_key() function can be used to help with this. For example, this
 * returns only stream wrappers that do not use local file storage:
 * @code
 *   $remote_stream_wrappers = array_diff_key(file_get_stream_wrappers(STREAM_WRAPPERS_ALL), file_get_stream_wrappers(STREAM_WRAPPERS_LOCAL));
 * @endcode
 *
 * @param $filter
 *   (Optional) Filters out all types except those with an on bit for each on
 *   bit in $filter. For example, if $filter is STREAM_WRAPPERS_WRITE_VISIBLE,
 *   which is equal to (STREAM_WRAPPERS_READ | STREAM_WRAPPERS_WRITE |
 *   STREAM_WRAPPERS_VISIBLE), then only stream wrappers with all three of these
 *   bits set are returned. Defaults to STREAM_WRAPPERS_ALL, which returns all
 *   registered stream wrappers.
 *
 * @return
 *   An array keyed by scheme, with values containing an array of information
 *   about the stream wrapper, as returned by hook_stream_wrappers(). If $filter
 *   is omitted or set to STREAM_WRAPPERS_ALL, the entire Drupal stream wrapper
 *   registry is returned. Otherwise only the stream wrappers whose 'type'
 *   bitmask has an on bit for each bit specified in $filter are returned.
 *
 * @see hook_stream_wrappers()
 * @see hook_stream_wrappers_alter()
 */
function file_get_stream_wrappers($filter = STREAM_WRAPPERS_ALL) {
  $wrappers_storage = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__);

  if (!isset($wrappers_storage)) {
    $wrappers = module_invoke_all('stream_wrappers');
    foreach ($wrappers as $scheme => $info) {
      // Add defaults.
      $wrappers[$scheme] += array('type' => STREAM_WRAPPERS_NORMAL);
    }
    drupal_alter('stream_wrappers', $wrappers);
    $existing = stream_get_wrappers();
    foreach ($wrappers as $scheme => $info) {
      // We only register classes that implement our interface.
      if (in_array('DrupalStreamWrapperInterface', class_implements($info['class']), TRUE)) {
        // Record whether we are overriding an existing scheme.
        if (in_array($scheme, $existing, TRUE)) {
          $wrappers[$scheme]['override'] = TRUE;
          stream_wrapper_unregister($scheme);
        }
        else {
          $wrappers[$scheme]['override'] = FALSE;
        }
        if (($info['type'] & STREAM_WRAPPERS_LOCAL) == STREAM_WRAPPERS_LOCAL) {
          stream_wrapper_register($scheme, $info['class']);
        }
        else {
          stream_wrapper_register($scheme, $info['class'], STREAM_IS_URL);
        }
      }
      // Pre-populate the static cache with the filters most typically used.
      $wrappers_storage[STREAM_WRAPPERS_ALL][$scheme] = $wrappers[$scheme];
      if (($info['type'] & STREAM_WRAPPERS_WRITE_VISIBLE) == STREAM_WRAPPERS_WRITE_VISIBLE) {
        $wrappers_storage[STREAM_WRAPPERS_WRITE_VISIBLE][$scheme] = $wrappers[$scheme];
      }
    }
  }

  if (!isset($wrappers_storage[$filter])) {
    $wrappers_storage[$filter] = array();
    foreach ($wrappers_storage[STREAM_WRAPPERS_ALL] as $scheme => $info) {
      // Bit-wise filter.
      if (($info['type'] & $filter) == $filter) {
        $wrappers_storage[$filter][$scheme] = $info;
      }
    }
  }

  return $wrappers_storage[$filter];
}

/**
 * Returns the stream wrapper class name for a given scheme.
 *
 * @param $scheme
 *   Stream scheme.
 *
 * @return
 *   Return string if a scheme has a registered handler, or FALSE.
 */
function file_stream_wrapper_get_class($scheme) {
  $wrappers = file_get_stream_wrappers();
  return empty($wrappers[$scheme]) ? FALSE : $wrappers[$scheme]['class'];
}

/**
 * Returns the scheme of a URI (e.g. a stream).
 *
 * @param $uri
 *   A stream, referenced as "scheme://target".
 *
 * @return
 *   A string containing the name of the scheme, or FALSE if none. For example,
 *   the URI "public://example.txt" would return "public".
 *
 * @see file_uri_target()
 */
function file_uri_scheme($uri) {
  $position = strpos($uri, '://');
  return $position ? substr($uri, 0, $position) : FALSE;
}

/**
 * Checks that the scheme of a stream URI is valid.
 *
 * Confirms that there is a registered stream handler for the provided scheme
 * and that it is callable. This is useful if you want to confirm a valid
 * scheme without creating a new instance of the registered handler.
 *
 * @param $scheme
 *   A URI scheme, a stream is referenced as "scheme://target".
 *
 * @return
 *   Returns TRUE if the string is the name of a validated stream,
 *   or FALSE if the scheme does not have a registered handler.
 */
function file_stream_wrapper_valid_scheme($scheme) {
  // Does the scheme have a registered handler that is callable?
  $class = file_stream_wrapper_get_class($scheme);
  if (class_exists($class)) {
    return TRUE;
  }
  else {
    return FALSE;
  }
}


/**
 * Returns the part of a URI after the schema.
 *
 * @param $uri
 *   A stream, referenced as "scheme://target".
 *
 * @return
 *   A string containing the target (path), or FALSE if none.
 *   For example, the URI "public://sample/test.txt" would return
 *   "sample/test.txt".
 *
 * @see file_uri_scheme()
 */
function file_uri_target($uri) {
  $data = explode('://', $uri, 2);

  // Remove erroneous leading or trailing, forward-slashes and backslashes.
  return count($data) == 2 ? trim($data[1], '\/') : FALSE;
}

/**
 * Gets the default file stream implementation.
 *
 * @return
 *   'public', 'private' or any other file scheme defined as the default.
 */
function file_default_scheme() {
  return variable_get('file_default_scheme', 'public');
}

/**
 * Normalizes a URI by making it syntactically correct.
 *
 * A stream is referenced as "scheme://target".
 *
 * The following actions are taken:
 * - Remove trailing slashes from target
 * - Trim erroneous leading slashes from target. e.g. ":///" becomes "://".
 *
 * @param $uri
 *   String reference containing the URI to normalize.
 *
 * @return
 *   The normalized URI.
 */
function file_stream_wrapper_uri_normalize($uri) {
  // Inline file_uri_scheme() function call for performance reasons.
  $position = strpos($uri, '://');
  $scheme = $position ? substr($uri, 0, $position) : FALSE;

  if ($scheme && file_stream_wrapper_valid_scheme($scheme)) {
    $target = file_uri_target($uri);

    if ($target !== FALSE) {
      $uri = $scheme . '://' . $target;
    }
  }
  return $uri;
}

/**
 * Returns a reference to the stream wrapper class responsible for a given URI.
 *
 * The scheme determines the stream wrapper class that should be
 * used by consulting the stream wrapper registry.
 *
 * @param $uri
 *   A stream, referenced as "scheme://target".
 *
 * @return
 *   Returns a new stream wrapper object appropriate for the given URI or FALSE
 *   if no registered handler could be found. For example, a URI of
 *   "private://example.txt" would return a new private stream wrapper object
 *   (DrupalPrivateStreamWrapper).
 */
function file_stream_wrapper_get_instance_by_uri($uri) {
  $scheme = file_uri_scheme($uri);
  $class = file_stream_wrapper_get_class($scheme);
  if (class_exists($class)) {
    $instance = new $class();
    $instance->setUri($uri);
    return $instance;
  }
  else {
    return FALSE;
  }
}

/**
 * Returns a reference to the stream wrapper class responsible for a scheme.
 *
 * This helper method returns a stream instance using a scheme. That is, the
 * passed string does not contain a "://". For example, "public" is a scheme
 * but "public://" is a URI (stream). This is because the later contains both
 * a scheme and target despite target being empty.
 *
 * Note: the instance URI will be initialized to "scheme://" so that you can
 * make the customary method calls as if you had retrieved an instance by URI.
 *
 * @param $scheme
 *   If the stream was "public://target", "public" would be the scheme.
 *
 * @return
 *   Returns a new stream wrapper object appropriate for the given $scheme.
 *   For example, for the public scheme a stream wrapper object
 *   (DrupalPublicStreamWrapper).
 *   FALSE is returned if no registered handler could be found.
 */
function file_stream_wrapper_get_instance_by_scheme($scheme) {
  $class = file_stream_wrapper_get_class($scheme);
  if (class_exists($class)) {
    $instance = new $class();
    $instance->setUri($scheme . '://');
    return $instance;
  }
  else {
    return FALSE;
  }
}

/**
 * Creates a web-accessible URL for a stream to an external or local file.
 *
 * Compatibility: normal paths and stream wrappers.
 *
 * There are two kinds of local files:
 * - "managed files", i.e. those stored by a Drupal-compatible stream wrapper.
 *   These are files that have either been uploaded by users or were generated
 *   automatically (for example through CSS aggregation).
 * - "shipped files", i.e. those outside of the files directory, which ship as
 *   part of Drupal core or contributed modules or themes.
 *
 * @param $uri
 *   The URI to a file for which we need an external URL, or the path to a
 *   shipped file.
 *
 * @return
 *   A string containing a URL that may be used to access the file.
 *   If the provided string already contains a preceding 'http', 'https', or
 *   '/', nothing is done and the same string is returned. If a stream wrapper
 *   could not be found to generate an external URL, then FALSE is returned.
 *
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/515192
 */
function file_create_url($uri) {
  // Allow the URI to be altered, e.g. to serve a file from a CDN or static
  // file server.
  drupal_alter('file_url', $uri);

  $scheme = file_uri_scheme($uri);

  if (!$scheme) {
    // Allow for:
    // - root-relative URIs (e.g. /foo.jpg in http://example.com/foo.jpg)
    // - protocol-relative URIs (e.g. //bar.jpg, which is expanded to
    //   http://example.com/bar.jpg by the browser when viewing a page over
    //   HTTP and to https://example.com/bar.jpg when viewing a HTTPS page)
    // Both types of relative URIs are characterized by a leading slash, hence
    // we can use a single check.
    if (drupal_substr($uri, 0, 1) == '/') {
      return $uri;
    }
    else {
      // If this is not a properly formatted stream, then it is a shipped file.
      // Therefore, return the urlencoded URI with the base URL prepended.
      return $GLOBALS['base_url'] . '/' . drupal_encode_path($uri);
    }
  }
  elseif ($scheme == 'http' || $scheme == 'https') {
    // Check for HTTP so that we don't have to implement getExternalUrl() for
    // the HTTP wrapper.
    return $uri;
  }
  else {
    // Attempt to return an external URL using the appropriate wrapper.
    if ($wrapper = file_stream_wrapper_get_instance_by_uri($uri)) {
      return $wrapper->getExternalUrl();
    }
    else {
      return FALSE;
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Checks that the directory exists and is writable.
 *
 * Directories need to have execute permissions to be considered a directory by
 * FTP servers, etc.
 *
 * @param $directory
 *   A string reference containing the name of a directory path or URI. A
 *   trailing slash will be trimmed from a path.
 * @param $options
 *   A bitmask to indicate if the directory should be created if it does
 *   not exist (FILE_CREATE_DIRECTORY) or made writable if it is read-only
 *   (FILE_MODIFY_PERMISSIONS).
 *
 * @return
 *   TRUE if the directory exists (or was created) and is writable. FALSE
 *   otherwise.
 */
function file_prepare_directory(&$directory, $options = FILE_MODIFY_PERMISSIONS) {
  if (!file_stream_wrapper_valid_scheme(file_uri_scheme($directory))) {
    // Only trim if we're not dealing with a stream.
    $directory = rtrim($directory, '/\\');
  }

  // Check if directory exists.
  if (!is_dir($directory)) {
    // Let mkdir() recursively create directories and use the default directory
    // permissions.
    if (($options & FILE_CREATE_DIRECTORY) && @drupal_mkdir($directory, NULL, TRUE)) {
      return drupal_chmod($directory);
    }
    return FALSE;
  }
  // The directory exists, so check to see if it is writable.
  $writable = is_writable($directory);
  if (!$writable && ($options & FILE_MODIFY_PERMISSIONS)) {
    return drupal_chmod($directory);
  }

  return $writable;
}

/**
 * Creates a .htaccess file in each Drupal files directory if it is missing.
 */
function file_ensure_htaccess() {
  file_create_htaccess('public://', FALSE);
  if (variable_get('file_private_path', FALSE)) {
    file_create_htaccess('private://', TRUE);
  }
  file_create_htaccess('temporary://', TRUE);
}

/**
 * Creates a .htaccess file in the given directory.
 *
 * @param $directory
 *   The directory.
 * @param $private
 *   FALSE indicates that $directory should be an open and public directory.
 *   The default is TRUE which indicates a private and protected directory.
 * @param $force_overwrite
 *   Set to TRUE to attempt to overwrite the existing .htaccess file if one is
 *   already present. Defaults to FALSE.
 */
function file_create_htaccess($directory, $private = TRUE, $force_overwrite = FALSE) {
  if (isset($_ENV['PANTHEON_ENVIRONMENT'])) {
    // Skip on Pantheon since we use nginx and this can hang.
    return;
  }
  if (file_uri_scheme($directory)) {
    $directory = file_stream_wrapper_uri_normalize($directory);
  }
  else {
    $directory = rtrim($directory, '/\\');
  }
  $htaccess_path =  $directory . '/.htaccess';

  if (file_exists($htaccess_path) && !$force_overwrite) {
    // Short circuit if the .htaccess file already exists.
    return;
  }

  $htaccess_lines = file_htaccess_lines($private);

  // Write the .htaccess file.
  if (file_put_contents($htaccess_path, $htaccess_lines)) {
    drupal_chmod($htaccess_path, 0444);
  }
  else {
    $variables = array('%directory' => $directory, '!htaccess' => '<br />' . nl2br(check_plain($htaccess_lines)));
    watchdog('security', "Security warning: Couldn't write .htaccess file. Please create a .htaccess file in your %directory directory which contains the following lines: <code>!htaccess</code>", $variables, WATCHDOG_ERROR);
  }
}

/**
 * Returns the standard .htaccess lines that Drupal writes to file directories.
 *
 * @param $private
 *   (Optional) Set to FALSE to return the .htaccess lines for an open and
 *   public directory. The default is TRUE, which returns the .htaccess lines
 *   for a private and protected directory.
 *
 * @return
 *   A string representing the desired contents of the .htaccess file.
 *
 * @see file_create_htaccess()
 */
function file_htaccess_lines($private = TRUE) {
  $lines = <<<EOF
# Turn off all options we don't need.
Options None
Options +FollowSymLinks

# Set the catch-all handler to prevent scripts from being executed.
SetHandler Drupal_Security_Do_Not_Remove_See_SA_2006_006
<Files *>
  # Override the handler again if we're run later in the evaluation list.
  SetHandler Drupal_Security_Do_Not_Remove_See_SA_2013_003
</Files>

# If we know how to do it safely, disable the PHP engine entirely.
<IfModule mod_php5.c>
  php_flag engine off
</IfModule>
EOF;

  if ($private) {
    $lines = <<<EOF
# Deny all requests from Apache 2.4+.
<IfModule mod_authz_core.c>
  Require all denied
</IfModule>

# Deny all requests from Apache 2.0-2.2.
<IfModule !mod_authz_core.c>
  Deny from all
</IfModule>
EOF
    . "\n\n" . $lines;
  }

  return $lines;
}

/**
 * Loads file objects from the database.
 *
 * @param $fids
 *   An array of file IDs.
 * @param $conditions
 *   (deprecated) An associative array of conditions on the {file_managed}
 *   table, where the keys are the database fields and the values are the
 *   values those fields must have. Instead, it is preferable to use
 *   EntityFieldQuery to retrieve a list of entity IDs loadable by
 *   this function.
 *
 * @return
 *   An array of file objects, indexed by fid.
 *
 * @todo Remove $conditions in Drupal 8.
 *
 * @see hook_file_load()
 * @see file_load()
 * @see entity_load()
 * @see EntityFieldQuery
 */
function file_load_multiple($fids = array(), $conditions = array()) {
  return entity_load('file', $fids, $conditions);
}

/**
 * Loads a single file object from the database.
 *
 * @param $fid
 *   A file ID.
 *
 * @return
 *   An object representing the file, or FALSE if the file was not found.
 *
 * @see hook_file_load()
 * @see file_load_multiple()
 */
function file_load($fid) {
  $files = file_load_multiple(array($fid), array());
  return reset($files);
}

/**
 * Saves a file object to the database.
 *
 * If the $file->fid is not set a new record will be added.
 *
 * @param $file
 *   A file object returned by file_load().
 *
 * @return
 *   The updated file object.
 *
 * @see hook_file_insert()
 * @see hook_file_update()
 */
function file_save(stdClass $file) {
  $file->timestamp = REQUEST_TIME;
  $file->filesize = filesize($file->uri);

  // Load the stored entity, if any.
  if (!empty($file->fid) && !isset($file->original)) {
    $file->original = entity_load_unchanged('file', $file->fid);
  }

  module_invoke_all('file_presave', $file);
  module_invoke_all('entity_presave', $file, 'file');

  if (empty($file->fid)) {
    drupal_write_record('file_managed', $file);
    // Inform modules about the newly added file.
    module_invoke_all('file_insert', $file);
    module_invoke_all('entity_insert', $file, 'file');
  }
  else {
    drupal_write_record('file_managed', $file, 'fid');
    // Inform modules that the file has been updated.
    module_invoke_all('file_update', $file);
    module_invoke_all('entity_update', $file, 'file');
  }

  // Clear internal properties.
  unset($file->original);
  // Clear the static loading cache.
  entity_get_controller('file')->resetCache(array($file->fid));

  return $file;
}

/**
 * Determines where a file is used.
 *
 * @param $file
 *   A file object.
 *
 * @return
 *   A nested array with usage data. The first level is keyed by module name,
 *   the second by object type and the third by the object id. The value
 *   of the third level contains the usage count.
 *
 * @see file_usage_add()
 * @see file_usage_delete()
 */
function file_usage_list(stdClass $file) {
  $result = db_select('file_usage', 'f')
    ->fields('f', array('module', 'type', 'id', 'count'))
    ->condition('fid', $file->fid)
    ->condition('count', 0, '>')
    ->execute();
  $references = array();
  foreach ($result as $usage) {
    $references[$usage->module][$usage->type][$usage->id] = $usage->count;
  }
  return $references;
}

/**
 * Records that a module is using a file.
 *
 * This usage information will be queried during file_delete() to ensure that
 * a file is not in use before it is physically removed from disk.
 *
 * Examples:
 * - A module that associates files with nodes, so $type would be
 *   'node' and $id would be the node's nid. Files for all revisions are stored
 *   within a single nid.
 * - The User module associates an image with a user, so $type would be 'user'
 *   and the $id would be the user's uid.
 *
 * @param $file
 *   A file object.
 * @param $module
 *   The name of the module using the file.
 * @param $type
 *   The type of the object that contains the referenced file.
 * @param $id
 *   The unique, numeric ID of the object containing the referenced file.
 * @param $count
 *   (optional) The number of references to add to the object. Defaults to 1.
 *
 * @see file_usage_list()
 * @see file_usage_delete()
 */
function file_usage_add(stdClass $file, $module, $type, $id, $count = 1) {
  db_merge('file_usage')
    ->key(array(
      'fid' => $file->fid,
      'module' => $module,
      'type' => $type,
      'id' => $id,
    ))
    ->fields(array('count' => $count))
    ->expression('count', 'count + :count', array(':count' => $count))
    ->execute();
}

/**
 * Removes a record to indicate that a module is no longer using a file.
 *
 * The file_delete() function is typically called after removing a file usage
 * to remove the record from the file_managed table and delete the file itself.
 *
 * @param $file
 *   A file object.
 * @param $module
 *   The name of the module using the file.
 * @param $type
 *   (optional) The type of the object that contains the referenced file. May
 *   be omitted if all module references to a file are being deleted.
 * @param $id
 *   (optional) The unique, numeric ID of the object containing the referenced
 *   file. May be omitted if all module references to a file are being deleted.
 * @param $count
 *   (optional) The number of references to delete from the object. Defaults to
 *   1. 0 may be specified to delete all references to the file within a
 *   specific object.
 *
 * @see file_usage_add()
 * @see file_usage_list()
 * @see file_delete()
 */
function file_usage_delete(stdClass $file, $module, $type = NULL, $id = NULL, $count = 1) {
  // Delete rows that have a exact or less value to prevent empty rows.
  $query = db_delete('file_usage')
    ->condition('module', $module)
    ->condition('fid', $file->fid);
  if ($type && $id) {
    $query
      ->condition('type', $type)
      ->condition('id', $id);
  }
  if ($count) {
    $query->condition('count', $count, '<=');
  }
  $result = $query->execute();

  // If the row has more than the specified count decrement it by that number.
  if (!$result && $count > 0) {
    $query = db_update('file_usage')
      ->condition('module', $module)
      ->condition('fid', $file->fid);
    if ($type && $id) {
      $query
        ->condition('type', $type)
        ->condition('id', $id);
    }
    $query->expression('count', 'count - :count', array(':count' => $count));
    $query->execute();
  }
}

/**
 * Copies a file to a new location and adds a file record to the database.
 *
 * This function should be used when manipulating files that have records
 * stored in the database. This is a powerful function that in many ways
 * performs like an advanced version of copy().
 * - Checks if $source and $destination are valid and readable/writable.
 * - If file already exists in $destination either the call will error out,
 *   replace the file or rename the file based on the $replace parameter.
 * - If the $source and $destination are equal, the behavior depends on the
 *   $replace parameter. FILE_EXISTS_REPLACE will error out. FILE_EXISTS_RENAME
 *   will rename the file until the $destination is unique.
 * - Adds the new file to the files database. If the source file is a
 *   temporary file, the resulting file will also be a temporary file. See
 *   file_save_upload() for details on temporary files.
 *
 * @param $source
 *   A file object.
 * @param $destination
 *   A string containing the destination that $source should be copied to.
 *   This must be a stream wrapper URI.
 * @param $replace
 *   Replace behavior when the destination file already exists:
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_REPLACE - Replace the existing file. If a managed file with
 *       the destination name exists then its database entry will be updated. If
 *       no database entry is found then a new one will be created.
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_RENAME - Append _{incrementing number} until the filename is
 *       unique.
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_ERROR - Do nothing and return FALSE.
 *
 * @return
 *   File object if the copy is successful, or FALSE in the event of an error.
 *
 * @see file_unmanaged_copy()
 * @see hook_file_copy()
 */
function file_copy(stdClass $source, $destination = NULL, $replace = FILE_EXISTS_RENAME) {
  if (!file_valid_uri($destination)) {
    if (($realpath = drupal_realpath($source->uri)) !== FALSE) {
      watchdog('file', 'File %file (%realpath) could not be copied, because the destination %destination is invalid. This is often caused by improper use of file_copy() or a missing stream wrapper.', array('%file' => $source->uri, '%realpath' => $realpath, '%destination' => $destination));
    }
    else {
      watchdog('file', 'File %file could not be copied, because the destination %destination is invalid. This is often caused by improper use of file_copy() or a missing stream wrapper.', array('%file' => $source->uri, '%destination' => $destination));
    }
    drupal_set_message(t('The specified file %file could not be copied, because the destination is invalid. More information is available in the system log.', array('%file' => $source->uri)), 'error');
    return FALSE;
  }

  if ($uri = file_unmanaged_copy($source->uri, $destination, $replace)) {
    $file = clone $source;
    $file->fid = NULL;
    $file->uri = $uri;
    $file->filename = drupal_basename($uri);
    // If we are replacing an existing file re-use its database record.
    if ($replace == FILE_EXISTS_REPLACE) {
      $existing_files = file_load_multiple(array(), array('uri' => $uri));
      if (count($existing_files)) {
        $existing = reset($existing_files);
        $file->fid = $existing->fid;
        $file->filename = $existing->filename;
      }
    }
    // If we are renaming around an existing file (rather than a directory),
    // use its basename for the filename.
    elseif ($replace == FILE_EXISTS_RENAME && is_file($destination)) {
      $file->filename = drupal_basename($destination);
    }

    $file = file_save($file);

    // Inform modules that the file has been copied.
    module_invoke_all('file_copy', $file, $source);

    return $file;
  }
  return FALSE;
}

/**
 * Determines whether the URI has a valid scheme for file API operations.
 *
 * There must be a scheme and it must be a Drupal-provided scheme like
 * 'public', 'private', 'temporary', or an extension provided with
 * hook_stream_wrappers().
 *
 * @param $uri
 *   The URI to be tested.
 *
 * @return
 *   TRUE if the URI is allowed.
 */
function file_valid_uri($uri) {
  // Assert that the URI has an allowed scheme. Barepaths are not allowed.
  $uri_scheme = file_uri_scheme($uri);
  if (empty($uri_scheme) || !file_stream_wrapper_valid_scheme($uri_scheme)) {
    return FALSE;
  }
  return TRUE;
}

/**
 * Copies a file to a new location without invoking the file API.
 *
 * This is a powerful function that in many ways performs like an advanced
 * version of copy().
 * - Checks if $source and $destination are valid and readable/writable.
 * - If file already exists in $destination either the call will error out,
 *   replace the file or rename the file based on the $replace parameter.
 * - If the $source and $destination are equal, the behavior depends on the
 *   $replace parameter. FILE_EXISTS_REPLACE will error out. FILE_EXISTS_RENAME
 *   will rename the file until the $destination is unique.
 * - Provides a fallback using realpaths if the move fails using stream
 *   wrappers. This can occur because PHP's copy() function does not properly
 *   support streams if safe_mode or open_basedir are enabled. See
 *   https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=60456
 *
 * @param $source
 *   A string specifying the filepath or URI of the source file.
 * @param $destination
 *   A URI containing the destination that $source should be copied to. The
 *   URI may be a bare filepath (without a scheme). If this value is omitted,
 *   Drupal's default files scheme will be used, usually "public://".
 * @param $replace
 *   Replace behavior when the destination file already exists:
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_REPLACE - Replace the existing file.
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_RENAME - Append _{incrementing number} until the filename is
 *       unique.
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_ERROR - Do nothing and return FALSE.
 *
 * @return
 *   The path to the new file, or FALSE in the event of an error.
 *
 * @see file_copy()
 */
function file_unmanaged_copy($source, $destination = NULL, $replace = FILE_EXISTS_RENAME) {
  $original_source = $source;

  // Assert that the source file actually exists.
  if (!file_exists($source)) {
    // @todo Replace drupal_set_message() calls with exceptions instead.
    drupal_set_message(t('The specified file %file could not be copied, because no file by that name exists. Please check that you supplied the correct filename.', array('%file' => $original_source)), 'error');
    if (($realpath = drupal_realpath($original_source)) !== FALSE) {
      watchdog('file', 'File %file (%realpath) could not be copied because it does not exist.', array('%file' => $original_source, '%realpath' => $realpath));
    }
    else {
      watchdog('file', 'File %file could not be copied because it does not exist.', array('%file' => $original_source));
    }
    return FALSE;
  }

  // Build a destination URI if necessary.
  if (!isset($destination)) {
    $destination = file_build_uri(drupal_basename($source));
  }


  // Prepare the destination directory.
  if (file_prepare_directory($destination)) {
    // The destination is already a directory, so append the source basename.
    $destination = file_stream_wrapper_uri_normalize($destination . '/' . drupal_basename($source));
  }
  else {
    // Perhaps $destination is a dir/file?
    $dirname = drupal_dirname($destination);
    if (!file_prepare_directory($dirname, FILE_CREATE_DIRECTORY)) {
      // The destination is not valid.
      watchdog('file', 'File %file could not be copied, because the destination directory %destination is not configured correctly.', array('%file' => $original_source, '%destination' => $dirname));
      drupal_set_message(t('The specified file %file could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.', array('%file' => $original_source)), 'error');
      return FALSE;
    }
  }

  // Determine whether we can perform this operation based on overwrite rules.
  $destination = file_destination($destination, $replace);
  if ($destination === FALSE) {
    drupal_set_message(t('The file %file could not be copied because a file by that name already exists in the destination directory.', array('%file' => $original_source)), 'error');
    watchdog('file', 'File %file could not be copied because a file by that name already exists in the destination directory (%directory)', array('%file' => $original_source, '%directory' => $destination));
    return FALSE;
  }

  // Assert that the source and destination filenames are not the same.
  $real_source = drupal_realpath($source);
  $real_destination = drupal_realpath($destination);
  if ($source == $destination || ($real_source !== FALSE) && ($real_source == $real_destination)) {
    drupal_set_message(t('The specified file %file was not copied because it would overwrite itself.', array('%file' => $source)), 'error');
    watchdog('file', 'File %file could not be copied because it would overwrite itself.', array('%file' => $source));
    return FALSE;
  }
  // Make sure the .htaccess files are present.
  file_ensure_htaccess();
  // Perform the copy operation.
  if (!@copy($source, $destination)) {
    // If the copy failed and realpaths exist, retry the operation using them
    // instead.
    if ($real_source === FALSE || $real_destination === FALSE || !@copy($real_source, $real_destination)) {
      watchdog('file', 'The specified file %file could not be copied to %destination.', array('%file' => $source, '%destination' => $destination), WATCHDOG_ERROR);
      return FALSE;
    }
  }

  // Set the permissions on the new file.
  drupal_chmod($destination);

  return $destination;
}

/**
 * Constructs a URI to Drupal's default files location given a relative path.
 */
function file_build_uri($path) {
  $uri = file_default_scheme() . '://' . $path;
  return file_stream_wrapper_uri_normalize($uri);
}

/**
 * Determines the destination path for a file.
 *
 * @param $destination
 *   A string specifying the desired final URI or filepath.
 * @param $replace
 *   Replace behavior when the destination file already exists.
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_REPLACE - Replace the existing file.
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_RENAME - Append _{incrementing number} until the filename is
 *       unique.
 *   - FILE_EXISTS_ERROR - Do nothing and return FALSE.
 *
 * @return
 *   The destination filepath, or FALSE if the file already exists
 *   and FILE_EXISTS_ERROR is specified.
 */